Effects of training on axial muscle of two cyprinid species: Chondrostoma nasus (L.) and Leuciscus cephalus (L.)

The effect of an endurance training program lasting 17 weeks was studied in two cyprinid species, Chondrostoma nasus (L.) and Leuciscus cephalus (L.). Red, intermediate and white axial muscle were investigated. Morphometrical analysis revealed that training induced, in both species, increased red and intermediate muscle mass, fibre diameter and capillarization. Differences between species in the response to training were observed for volume densities of mitochondria and lipid. In contrast to C. nasus, L. cephalus show higher values for these compartments in red and intermediate fibres. The results are considered adaptational changes which increase the aerobic capacity of red and intermediate muscle fibres to meet higher sustained swimming activities.     

Características de los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza muscular en personas mayores con sarcopenia. Revisión de alcance

ObjectiveThe aim of this scoping review was to analyze the resistance training-based programs’ characteristics and outcomes of physical and psychological health and cognitive functions measured in older adults with sarcopenia.MethodThis scoping review was carried out following the criteria and flow diagram established in the PRISMA guidelines and included studies from 2011 until 2020 from electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.ResultsA total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included. The sample's average age was 72.2 years, with an age range between 71 and 80 years, considering a total sample of 1029 older adults (57% women). Resistance training-based programs were carried out mainly in university facilities, presented high adherence (91.2%) and were able to induce increase in strength and muscle mass. The most frequent parameters used were 2-3 weekly, 50-90-min-long sessions for 3-9 months, using between 8 and 15 repetitions, in an intense training zone with 1-RM between 60% and 85%. The most measured physical health outcomes were muscle strength, muscle mass, and BMI. Cognitive impairment was frequently evaluated, and few studies evaluated mental health.ConclusionThis review characterized resistance training-based programs in older people with sarcopenia, highlighting the extension, frequency, duration, and intensity of these, as well the most frequently used outcome measures and instruments. These results could be useful for prescribing future resistance training-based programs in older adults with sarcopenia.     

某坦克部队外训期间的膳食营养调查

目的:了解坦克部队官兵在野外驻训期间的膳食营养状况,为指导合理膳食提供参考依据。方法:膳食调查采用称重法,能量消耗采用生活观察法,体格检查指标包括体重和皮褶厚度。结果:每日人均禽肉、鱼虾、蔬菜等摄入水平未达到"军人食物定量"标准,而植物油摄入量则超过军标要求;VB1、VC、铁、锌、硒、碘等摄入量未达到"军人营养素供给量"标准要求;三大产能营养素供能比例不合理,脂肪摄入偏高,碳水化合物偏低;多数官兵野外驻训7 d后体重和皮褶厚度降低。结论:该部队在野外驻训期间膳食结构不够合理,部分营养素摄入量未达到军标要求,应调整膳食结构,改善官兵的营养状况。     

综合医院住院医师规范化培训管理实践与探索

国家对住院医师规范化培训项目越来越重视,芜湖市第二人民医院紧随政策导向,贯彻实施住院医师规范化培训。通过以芜湖市第二人民医院住院医师规范化培训管理实践为例,介绍住院医师规范化培训背景、现状及管理实践,为持续改进培训管理工作提供参考。     

Frequency and timing of scaphoid-centrale fusion in hominoids

Fusion between the os centrale and the scaphoid has played a central role in many functional and phylogenetic interpretations of hominoid evolution. In particular, scaphoid-centrale fusion shared among African apes and humans has been interpreted as an adaptation in knuckle-walkers, an exaptation in hominins, and has been offered as evidence for a knuckle-walking origin of bipedalism. However, discrepancies in the literature concerning the taxa in which this scaphoid-centrale fusion occurs, as well as the timing and/or frequency of this fusion, have confounded the significance of this trait. This study provides an historical review of the literature on scaphoid-centrale fusion in primates and the first formal investigation into the timing and frequency of this character among primates, with a focus on extant hominoids. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in the timing and frequency of scaphoid-centrale fusion in African apes and humans compared to Asian apes, suggesting that prenatal or early postnatal fusion among hominines is a synapomorphy. Scaphoid-centrale fusion does not occur randomly within primates. Instead, only Homininae and some members of Lemuroidea show consistent and ontogenetically early fusion of these carpals. The consistent occurrence of this trait within only two primate clades and a clear heterochronic trend in timing and frequency of scaphoid-centrale fusion among hominines suggest that this character is primarily phylogenetically controlled. We could not falsify the hypothesis that scaphoid-centrale fusion in African apes is indeed related to midcarpal stability in knuckle-walking, but neither were we able to find direct biomechanical or kinematic evidence to support this hypothesis. A more definitive answer to the question of the functional significance of scaphoid-centrale fusion will have to await more detailed analyses of great ape wrist kinematics.     

药用植物刺山柑愈伤组织诱导及细胞生长代谢特征研究

本文研究了不同外植体及激素对刺山柑愈伤组织诱导的影响,不同激素配比对愈伤组织增殖培养以及悬浮细胞的生长与代谢特征。结果表明:以刺山柑叶片作为诱导愈伤组织的材料,效果较佳;愈伤组织诱导和继代的适宜培养条件是分别是MS 0.5mg/L 2,4-D 1.0mg/L6-BA和MS 1.0mg/L2,4-D 1.5mg/L6-BA。刺山柑悬浮培养细胞的生长周期为30天左右,细胞生长曲线呈"S"形,生物量增长2.8倍左右;细胞生长周期内,碳源消耗规律表现为蔗糖和可溶性总糖的浓度持续降低,而还原糖则表现为先升高后降低;过氧化物酶活测定显示酶活水平与蔗糖浓度的高低呈一定程度的正相关。     

Feed intake and performance of growing lambs raised on concentrate-based diets under cafeteria feeding systems

Two trials were undertaken to study the effects of cafeteria feeding systems on the feed intake, animal performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Trial 1 was designed to compare conventional and cafeteria feeding systems in terms of the growth of individually reared lambs. For this assay, 26 weaned Merino lambs (15.5 ± 0.20 kg live weight) were assigned to three dietary treatment groups: (1) a control group fed barley straw and commercial concentrate under a conventional feeding system, (2) group W100S, fed soya-bean meal, whole barley grain and a mineral-vitamin supplement under a cafeteria feeding system, and (3) group W100S-T, fed as in the W100S treatment but allowing the lambs an initial training period so they could learn to identify a number of feeds. The feeding system had no significant effect ( P>0.05) on either average daily live-weight gain, carcass weight, or carcass conformation. The food conversion ratio was lower ( P < 0.05) for the cafeteria-reared animals (2.9 ± 0.16 v. 2.5 ± 0.08 g dry-matter intake per g average daily gain) than those of the control group. This might be related to the higher crude protein intake seen in the cafeteria groups (150 ± 5.6 v. 208 ± 12.5 g per animal per day; P < 0.001).In trial 2, cafeteria and conventional feeding system were compared in terms of the growth of feedlot lambs. Two hundred weaned Merino lambs (13.1 ± 0.10 kg) were divided into two experimental groups: (1) a control group, offered commercial concentrate and barley straw, and (2) a cafeteria group fed the same diet as W100ST in trial 1. The average daily gain (282 ± 5.8 and 309 ± 6.5; P < 0.01) was greater in the cafeteria than in the control group. Whereas neither carcass conformation nor fatness were affected by the feeding system, the dressing percentage was slightly higher ( P>0.001) in the conventional than in the cafeteria system lambs.The use of cafeteria systems for fattening lambs can improve the feed conversion efficiency and body growth rate over those achieved with conventional feeding systems, although the crude protein intake in these systems seems to be in excess of requirements.     

Generation and maintenance of suspension cultures from cotyledons and their organogenic potential of two mangrove species, Sonneratia alba and S. caseolaris

Liquid cultures were successfully generated from cotyledons of two Sonneratia species, S. alba and S. caseolaris in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 μmol L⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Adventitious roots differentiated from cotyledons of S. alba. Proliferated cells were subcultured and a large volume of suspension cells was subsequently established in 100-mL flasks. All the cytokinins tested inhibited cell proliferation. After three years of culture, the potential to differentiate was tested as indicated by greening of the cells. Greening occurred when suspension cells were transferred to solid MS medium with and without 0.1 μmol L⁻¹ 2,4-D. Greening was stimulated by low concentrations of the weak auxins indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) while 2,4-D stimulated late-stage greening. Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited greening. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 1.0 μmol L⁻¹ stimulated callus greening and was not inhibitory even when tested at high concentrations. Cytokinins were inhibitory in combination with 0.1 μmol L⁻¹ of either IBA or NAA. The cause of different effects of plant hormones on growth and differentiation was discussed. Small-scale liquid media and 24-well culture plates of solid media methods developed in this paper are suitable for the optimization of hormonal conditions for cell proliferation and differentiation.     

民办高校银领人才培养的研究

论述了知识经济时代民办高校培养银领人才的必要性、可行性及银领教育的特征和实施条件。从改革、创新学科专业结构、课程体系、教学内容、培养方法,构建银领人才质量保障机制等方面,提出了民办高校培养银领人才的具体建议及成功经验。